![(R)-Ketorolac [(+)-Ketorolac)]](/upload/0201/637400975950854407457699940.png)
| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25mg |
|
||
| 50mg |
|
||
| 100mg |
|
||
| 250mg | |||
| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
(R)-Ketorolac does not target COX-1 or COX-2, which are the primary targets of the S-enantiomer. Its analgesic activity is mediated through a different, non-COX mechanism, possibly involving the modulation of pain pathways in the central nervous system. It is also described as a prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor, though this activity is significantly weaker than that of its S-counterpart.
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In vitro, (R)-Ketorolac shows no significant inhibition of COX-1 or COX-2. Its analgesic activity is distinct from the COX-inhibiting S-enantiomer. It is a prostaglandin biosynthesis inhibitor, but its potency is much lower than that of the S-enantiomer.
|
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, (R)-Ketorolac possesses potent analgesic activity. It has been shown to reduce the occurrence of ulcers compared to the racemic mixture or the S-enantiomer, which are known to cause gastrointestinal side effects. Its analgesic effect is achieved without significant COX inhibition.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell assays for (R)-Ketorolac typically involve measuring the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity using purified enzymes or microsomal preparations and arachidonic acid as a substrate. Prostaglandin production is measured by ELISA or radiometric methods to confirm the lack of COX inhibition.
|
| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for (R)-Ketorolac use cell lines to study its analgesic mechanism. For example, neuronal cells can be used to study its effects on pain-related signaling pathways. Its lack of COX inhibition can be confirmed by measuring prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production in stimulated cells.
|
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for (R)-Ketorolac employ standard models of pain, such as the tail-flick test, hot plate test, or formalin test, to assess its analgesic activity. Its ulcerogenic potential is assessed in models of gastric ulceration, such as indomethacin-induced ulcer models, to demonstrate its reduced gastrointestinal toxicity.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
(R)-Ketorolac has a molecular weight of 255.27 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₁₅H₁₃NO₃. It is a synthetic compound. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), are expected to be similar to those of racemic ketorolac, though the specific properties of the enantiomer may differ.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
(R)-Ketorolac has a more favorable gastrointestinal safety profile compared to the S-enantiomer or the racemic mixture, as it does not inhibit COX and thus does not cause the same level of gastric irritation. However, it still possesses analgesic activity, suggesting its mechanism is distinct. Comprehensive toxicological data are available from the development of ketorolac.
|
| References |
: Handley DA, et al. Preclinical enantioselective pharmacology of (R)- and (S)- ketorolac. J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Feb;38(2S):25S-35S.
|
| Additional Infomation |
(R)-Ketoroxylic acid is a 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolazin-1-carboxylic acid with the R configuration. Unlike its S-enantiomer, it does not inhibit COX1 and COX2, but possesses analgesic activity. Racemic ketoroxylic acid, abbreviated as ketoroxylic acid, is mainly used in the form of tromethamine salt and is a potent analgesic used for short-term relief of postoperative pain. It can also be used in eye drops to relieve itchy eyes caused by seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It has analgesic effects. It is the enantiomer of (S)-ketoroxylic acid.
See also: Ketoroxylic acid (note moved to). (R)-Ketorolac is the R-enantiomer of ketorolac, characterized by potent analgesic activity but lacking COX inhibition. This unique profile makes it a valuable research tool for studying pain mechanisms and developing safer analgesics with reduced ulcerogenic potential. Also known as (+)-Ketorolac. Not approved for clinical use as a single enantiomer. |
| Molecular Formula |
C₁₅H₁₃NO₃
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
255.27
|
| Exact Mass |
255.089
|
| CAS # |
66635-93-6
|
| Related CAS # |
Ketorolac tromethamine salt;74103-07-4;Ketorolac;74103-06-3;(S)-Ketorolac;66635-92-5;Ketorolac hemicalcium;167105-81-9
|
| PubChem CID |
181818
|
| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
|
| Density |
1.3±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
493.2±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
163-170°C
|
| Flash Point |
252.1±27.3 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.3 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.659
|
| LogP |
2.08
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
19
|
| Complexity |
376
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
C1=CC=C(C(C2=CC=C3C(CCN23)C(=O)O)=O)C=C1
|
| InChi Key |
OZWKMVRBQXNZKK-LLVKDONJSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H13NO3/c17-14(10-4-2-1-3-5-10)13-7-6-12-11(15(18)19)8-9-16(12)13/h1-7,11H,8-9H2,(H,18,19)/t11-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(1R)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~391.74 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 5 mg/mL (19.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 5 mg/mL (19.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 5 mg/mL (19.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.9174 mL | 19.5871 mL | 39.1742 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7835 mL | 3.9174 mL | 7.8348 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3917 mL | 1.9587 mL | 3.9174 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
